Hadith Studies In Orientalist Perspectives
ABSTRACT: The Hadith has a very important position in Islam, because the hadith serves as the sinking h u kum - law and evidence in the Qur'an. Hadith as sources of law after the Koran and all Muslims have agreed to establish it as one of the laws that must be obeyed, whether based on reasonable instructions, instructions nash nash Qur'an and the consensus of the companions.
The Quran and Hadith can not be separated from one another, because when the Qur'an speaks the one component that could explain the Hadith, the Hadith can strengthen legal law stipulated in the Qur'an, the Hadith give details and interpretations of verses in the Quran that still mujmal, give taqyid (requirements) of verses in the Qur'an which is absolute, specifies the verses of the Qur'an which are public and most importantly be able to set legal or Hadith rules can not in the Qur'an.
Because of its position is very strategic, the Hadith continuously assessed, the study of Hadith it is naqd al-Hadith (the criticism of Hadith), both critics material or chains, the Hadith was not only the Muslims, but the orientalists did not miss doing research because it seeks to undermine Islam. In contrast to the criticisms made of the Muslims, criticism that they do is staggering. eg doubtful originality Hadith, based on this, this paper attempts to explore the idea of the orientalists . [1]
INTRODUCTION
In the tradition of knowledge, especially in view of the region, namely the East and West. The Western world is represented by the Western countries such as the Netherlands, the UK, France, Spain, America, and so on. Most of them have a Concern towards the East and is known as the Orientalists.
The Orientalists studying the East (including Islam) based on the perspective of the West. In addition, there are also people who are interested in studying Eastern Western world with the light of the eastern named by the oksidentalis. Both orientalists and oksidentalis perform their duties according to the viewpoint of each of the objects they study . So that not infrequently lead to a different conclusion , until natural discharge its duties, the orientalists generally concerned about various intellectual work ,
whether moderate or extreme, and
researching ancient relics in different countries. Especially with regard to Islam .
P is the beginning of growth, the general nature of Orientalist studies. However , in its development of the study experienced a specification that is born of the study of Islam as al-Qur'an, hadith, law, history, and so on. Basically, the focus of Islamic studies emphasize that they are the source of Islam itself, namely the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet. [2]
HISTORY RESEARCH AMONG HADITHS orientalis
Of the many field studies being produced by Orientalists, one of them is the hadith of the Prophet. About one Orientalist who first entered the study in this field, has not yet found its certainty. Experts have different opinions in this regard. According Joynboll GHA, as quoted by Daniel W. Brown, the first Western scholars doing research skeptic Alois Sprenger tradition is followed by Sir William Muir in his Life of Mahomet and reached its peak in works of Ignaz Goldziher. [3]
According to M. Mustafa Azami,
orientalist first conduct a study of hadith is Ignaz Goldziher, a Jew born in Hungary (1850-1920 AD) in his work entitled: Muhamedanische Studien in 1980 with its view of Hadith.
However p opinion is disputed by AJ Wensinck that orientalis first studied them, which is Snouck published his book
" Revre Coloniale internationale"
If this view is correct, then work gronje came four years before the work of Goldziher. Another opinion states that the first orientalists who studied them is Alois Sprenger. In the introduction to his book on the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad, a missionary from Germany who had been living in India, claims that the Hadith is a collection of anecdotes (stories lie but interesting).
This claim was followed by teammate mission, namely William Muir, a British orientalist who also study about the Prophet Muhammad and the history of Islam. According to Muir, in the hadith literature intentionally misused the name of the Prophet Muhammad to cover a variety of lies and anomalies [4]
Other Orientalists who also studied them, is Roskeen Alexander Hamilton Gibb, a British orientalist (1895-1971) through his Mohammedanism and Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, followed by Joseph Schacht orientalist nationality Poland (1902-1969) through his work The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence , GHA. Joynboll with his Muslim Tradition, Studies in Chronology, Provenance, and Authorship of Early Hadith, Bernard G. Weiss, with his book The Search for God's Law, and many other names such as W. Montgomery Watt, Von Guerboum, Arberry, Jeffre Ira Lapidus, and John L. Esposito. Despite the controversy, the thing to note is that apparently Goldziher has managed to instill doubts about the authenticity of hadith which are equipped with scientific studies were done, so his work is considered as a 'scripture' by the orientalists themselves. [5]
UNDERSTAND THE TERMS Orientalism
Orientalism comes from the orient, in French, which literally means east, and geographically means the parts of the east and ethnological meaning of the nations in the east, while the word humanism came from Dutch to show their understanding of a concept. So Orientalism is a means of understanding or flow wishing to investigate matters related to the matters related to the nations of the east and the environment while the Orientalist is the name of the performer that shows a person who is an expert on matters related to the east or Asian experts.
According to Joseph Sou'yb Orientalism is a member of the research activities in the West of oriental religions in the East, especially about Islam, according to Abdul Hamid Ghurob, Orientalism is an academic study conducted by western nations who disbelieve especially peoples of the book about Islam and Muslims with all the good aspects of the faith, law, science, culture, history, government regulation, the earth and its potential. And by A. Hanafi, Orientalist scholars is a party western scholars who studied the languages of the eastern world and its literature, and they also pay great attention to the religions of the East, its history, customs and various branches of knowledge [6]
So Orientalist is the person or group of Western scholars who are experts in the study of the eastern world in its various aspects, the religion, history, customs, knowledge and culture, khusususnya Islamic world.
To more clearly understand the need dikatahui Orientalist Orientalist characteristics according to Abdul Hamid Ghurob quoted in his book entitled " Unveiling the Orientalism "
1. Orientalism is a study that has a bond very closely with the colonial West.
2. Orientalism is a movement that has a very strong bond with the Christianization
3. Orientalism is a powerful combination study of colonialism with the Christianization movement faliditas scientific and objectivity can not be held responsible for the absolute, particularly highlighting the study of Islam
4. Orientalism is a study that is considered the most potential in the West to counter political Islam and the Muslims
The Bathh According Hasanain, destination Orientalism in his book Anatomy of Orientalism is :
- Create doubts about the authenticity of the Qur'an as the Word Alla
- Create doubts about the truth of the teachings of Prophet Muhammad
- Create doubts about the urgency of Arabic as a language that conformed to the development of science
- Create doubts about the values that are fundamental Islamic Jurisprudence
- Casts doubt on the value of the cultural heritage of Islam and science was invented by Muslim scholars
- Undermining the spirit of Islamic brotherhood sesam a Muslims in various countries [7]
ATTITUDE AND THINKING orientalis
This will be discussed in the discussion of the attitudes and thoughts about personal orientalis Prophet Muhammad and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad, attitude and thinking there is a fanatic orientalist and there is an objective.
Many people thinking of personal orientalis Prophet Muhammad and the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad's fanatic, Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274 AD), an orientalist and Christian priests, he said the prophethood of Muhammad was never confirmed by miracles, none of his friends who know the nature of theology (divinity) even they were a violent and savage, and the Bedouin population of the Sahara desert, Muhammad could muster so much strength as it can use military force [8]
Other leaders, George Sale (1734 M), an orientalist fanatic, he said that Muhammad was not another author of the Qur'an itself, the designer who is assisted by others, this is an issue that is undoubtedly and agreed by everyone, in the absence of protest or recommendation of his companions , there are even people who express opinions more extreme of the two figures fanatic. He is the D ante Aligiere (1265-1321 AD), an orientalist born in Florence, he says that Muhammad was the leader of the souls of the damned which generate a split in religion, crime Muhammad is developing a false religion
There is also, Goldziher (1850 - 1921 AD), an orientalist fanatic Hungary, he said that the Prophet was a counselor, not as an example and a good example, in his many weaknesses and flaws as a human being, the reason it does not propagate itself as a saint, his teachings are misleading myth. [9]
But there is also s hood o rientalis the o byektif ,
one of them. January Michaelis, a Russian Orientalist he said that the Prophet Muhammad that Arab is not a member of the mantra and not a witch as alleged fools of his time, but he was a man whom was a professional set, a lead, a hero, high morals and strong faith. He invited people into his religion with all the attributes of perfection, and it brought something to appoint an Arab nation. We do not know his religion other than the religion that is in line with the rapid progress of the times, however, those who accuse Muhammad and his religion with the assessment that he indeed had slipped from the path necessarily,
and to every nation worth it to take the lessons out of that , and figure orientalis others, Washington Irving (1783), admitted that the Prophet Muhammad has exceptional quality without a doubt, he had a quick understanding, memory, and imagination bright . [10]
On the other hand, the attitudes and thoughts of Orientalists on the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad is indeed very different from scientific research to the east-northeast postscript to use the study in accordance with the Qur'an as its main legal guidelines. Orientalis scientific studies to figure does not have to allow that tradition was born from the words of the prophet. Orientalis among the study and stated that the Hadith of the prophet is not the word of the prophet, but a work friend.
Goldziher (1929), he also said that Islam is growing in the hands of his followers through ways that are not known at all by Muhammad in the mas of his life, the way in which it is spread Hadith Hadith artificial scholar and jurist who want to make Islam the religion of multidimensional, comprehensive, and covers all aspects of life .
CONCLUSION
Orientalis is a person or a group of Western scholars who are experts in the study of the eastern world in its various aspects, the religion, history, customs, knowledge and culture, khusususnya Islamic world . In p thoughts of personal Orientalists and Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad is a fanatic and there be objective
The attitude of Muslims faces a orientalis is a must have capabilities comparable with orientalis, do penijauan anniversary of our civilization and culture and continue to do research to answer charges orientalis which has strongly denied the presence of the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad who came
REFERENCES
Abdul Rauf Muhammad Hassan AlBadawi, Orientalism and riction, (PT Remaja Rosdakarya, Jakarta, 2007)
Bath Hassanain, Anatomy of Orientalism,
(Menara Kudus Jogjakarta 2004)
Ghurob Abdul Hamid, Unveiling Orientalism,
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A. Hanafi, Orientalism according Religion Eyewear,
(Pustaka Al-Husna Jakarta 1981)
Khalil Yasien Asyaikh, Muhammad in the eyes of Western scholars (Gema Insani Press Jakarta 1989)
Muhammad Jamal Ahmad, Opening Scenes Counterfeiting Efforts Orientalists in Islam, (Diponegoro, Bandung 1991)
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(PT Bulan Bintang Jakarta 1990)
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